曽 - formerly, once, before

formerly, once, before, ever, never, ex-

Secondary school#1320

Readings

ソウソゾウ

かつかつてすなわち

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Maries' fir (Abies mariesii)

great-grandparents

Kiso horse (Japanese indigenous horse breed); kisouma

Kiso valley section of the Nakasendo

Veitch's silver fir (Abies veitchii)

Aesop's Fables (published initially by the Jesuits in 1593)

Soga Monogatari (war chronicle)