閥 - clique, lineage, pedigree

clique; clan; faction

clique; faction

zaibatsu; financial conglomerate; industrial group

factionalism

Beiyang Army

Zhejiang financial clique; Sekko Zaibatsu; clique from Zhejiang and Jiangsu, influential in Shanghai finance from late 1920s through 1930s

strong feelings of loyalty to one's old school; the old school tie

new zaibatsu (formed after the Meiji period)

clan; clique

military clique; military party

party faction; party clique

faction-based personnel appointment